1	Diet and Cancers Pr. FAID Mohamed
2	Cancer Cancer is the 2nd most common cause of death in the US after heart disease. Cancer kills 1 out of every 4 Americans.
3	What is Cancer? Normal body cells grow, divide and die in an orderly fashion. Cancer cells are different because they do not die, just continue to divide and grow. Cancer cells form as a result of damaged DNA.
4	What is Cancer? These damaged genes can be passed on, which accounts for inherited cancers. In other cases, the DNA is damaged by an outside source such as smoking. Cancer usually forms a tumor.
5	What is Cancer There are two types of tumors: Malignant and Benign Malignant tumors spread to other areas in the body. These are the dangerous ones. Benign tumors stay in one place.
6	Causes of Cancer 80% are considered sporadic- meaning the cause is unknown. There are several risk factors that increase the chance of cancer: Age- risk increases >50. Diet- high fat, high cholesterol diets increase risk…..
7	Causes of Cancer Obesity- no clear link but research indicates it is a factor Cigarettes- increases lung cancer, other tobacco products such as pipes and chewing tobacco increase cancers of the mouth. Long term exposure to chemicals- asbestos, radon and benzene.
8	Causes of Cancer Exposure to high levels of radiation Harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun. Some viruses- Hepatitis B, C, HPV, Epsteinn-Barr. Immune system diseases. Heredity
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10	Specific cancer-food relationships
11	Carcinogens
12	What is a carcinogen? A carcinogen is any substance or agent that, because of the way it affects cell DNA, can cause cancer. Carcinogens may be chemical substances; physical agents, such as asbestos dust; or biological agents, such as certain viruses and bacteria. In the workplace, carcinogenic substances may be inhaled, absorbed through the skin or even ingested in some cases.
13	A carcinogen can alter or damage a cell’s DNA… Cancer is a multi-stage process, involving the creation and unchecked growth of abnormal cells A carcinogens may be the initiator — the agent that alters or damages DNA, the basic coding system of cells They may also be promoters — encouraging out-of-control cell growth
14	…and that can lead to cancer In normal cells, the process of cell reproduction is controlled. But in damaged or mutated cells, reproduction may no longer be controlled. Cells can begin reproducing unchecked, forming tumours like this one
15	Role of Dietary Factors in Carcinogenesis
16	A Muddled Subject Food-related increases in cancer may be associated with: The effects of macronutrients (fat, protein, carbohydrate) The effects of micronutrients (eg vitamins) The effects of anutrients present in the food The effects of fungal contamination The effects of compounds during cooking The effects of additives and contaminants
17	We will talk about 3 types of carcinogens: Natural carcinogens. Carcinoens released from cooking methods. Carcinogens from food additives.
18	Natural carcinogens
19	Hydrazines and edible mushrooms The hydrazine family of compounds have been found to be potent carcinogens in animal tests. Eating a large dose of the false morel, on a regular basis, has a greater risk of developing lung tumors than a person who avoids eating the fungus.
20	Aflatoxins and other mycotoxins Aflatoxins are a group of closely related toxic substances produced by a mold (Aspergillus flavus) that grows on peanuts, corn, and other grains. Aflatoxin B1 is by far the most toxic of the molds and has been found to cause cancer is a variety of animals.
21	Aflatoxins and other mold toxins The substances have also been found in peanut butter, cereals, coconuts, nuts and other foods.
22	Aflatoxins and other mold toxins Aflatoxins can be found in the milk of cows fed aflatoxin-contaminated grain.
23	Safrole All these chemicals are alkenyl benzenes and are found in many spices and herbs and in a few vegetables. Safrole (causes mainly liver cancer in rats) . It has been banned as a flavour additive since 1960, but is a minor component of nutmeg, mace, star anise, cinnamon and black pepper. Black pepper contains piperine, a closely related compound in larger amounts.
24	Estragole, beta-asarone isosafrole Estragole is found in tarragon, basil, and fennel. It causes liver cancer in mice. Beta-asarone is a major component of oil of calamus and has been used to flavour bitters and vermouth. It causes intestinal tumors in rats. Isosafrole is present in various foods such as cloves, allspice, artichokes, mace, carrots, parsnips, bananas, parsley, avocados and fennel.
25	Ethyl carbamate A naturally occurring chemical in fermented foods and beverages, ethyl carbamate cause tumors in a wide variety of tissues.
26	Alcohol The excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages (especially when combined with tobacco use) has been associated with cancer of the mouth, esophagus, pharynx, liver and larynx in humans.
27	What is inside one cup of coffee? A cup of coffee is estimated to contain over 2,000 natural occurring chemical components some of which are highly mutagenic. One cup of coffee has the equivalent of fifty times the mutagenic activity of smoke absorbed from smoking a single cigarette. Carcinogenic substances have been isolated in coffee from the roasting process.
28	Caffeine not only in coffee! Diacetyl (aromatic component) is a mutagen, as are glyoxal and methyl glyoxal. The latter is present in fresh brewed coffee at a concentration of 0.5 mg per cup. The chemical can also be found in bourbon whiskey, wine, apple brandy,soy sauce, Dinks, boiled potatoes… About 250 mg of chlorogenic acid (mutagen) is in one cup of coffee along with benzo(a)pyrene, tannins and, of course, caffeine.
29	Estrogenic substances Estrogens of animal origin administered in high amounts to rats cause (or promote) cancer in hormonally sensitive organs (mammary glands and uterus). Plant estrogen compounds are found in hops, soybeans and alfalfa. These plant compounds have not shown to be carcinogenic.
30	Nitrite and Nitrate Sodium nitrite and sodium nitrate are two closely related chemicals used for centuries to preserve meat. When nitrite combines with compounds called secondary amines, it forms nitrosamines, extremely powerful cancer-causing chemicals. Nitrite has long been suspected as being a cause of stomach cancer.
31	Nitrosamines in Food, Body Fluids, and Occupational Exposure Fried bacon Cured meats Beer Nonfat dry milk Tobacco products Gastric juices Rubber products Rubber manufacturing Metal industries Pesticide production and use Certain cosmetics
32	Carcinogens produced by cooking
33	Heterocyclic amines It was found that broiled dried fish had mutagenic activity. At present 7 out of 16 pyrolysis products have been demonstrated to be strongly carcinogenic.
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35	These seven carcinogenic chemicals are (6): 1. A alpha C = 2-Amino-9H pyrdo (2,3-b)-indole 2. Glu-P-1 = 2-Amino-6-methyl dipyrido-imidazole 3. Glu-P-2 = 2-Aminodipyrido-imidazole 4. IQ = 2-Amino-3-methylimidazo-quinoline 5. Me A alpha C = 2-Amino-3-methyl-9H-Pyrido-indole 6. Trp-P-1 = 3-Amino-1, 4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido-indole 7. Trp-P-2 = 3-Amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido-indole They induced hepatocellular carcinomas in the livers and tumors in some other organs such as small intestine, colon, brain, skin, oral cavity, lung, clitoral gland, etc.
36	Carcinogens produced by cooking This is produced mainly from the breakdown of the protein in the meat during the cooking process . On chemical analysis of the charbroiled, smoked or fried food, it was found to contain several mutagenic and carcinogenic chemicals.
37	Carcinogens produced by cooking Benzo(a)pyrene - carcinogenic itself as well as enhancing the carcinogenic action of other chemicals through its ability to raise enzyme levels in the liver.
38	Carcinogens produced by cooking Breakdown products of amino acids tryptophan and glutamic acid; as well as phenylalanine and lysine - found to be highly mutagenic and carcinogenic; found in broiled beef .
39	Carcinogens produced by cooking Mutagenic substances have been found in bread crusts, toast, and fried potatoes and both mutagenic Potatoes that have begun to sprout contain large amounts of a potentially lethal compound .
40	Microwave Cooking is killing you!
41	Studies showed that eating microwaved food: Increases cholesterol Increases white blood cell numbers Decreases red blood cell numbers Causes production of radiolytic compounds (compounds unknown in nature) Microwaved plastic wrap has 10,000,000 times fda limits of carcinogens!
42	"Why did the Soviet Union..." Why did the Soviet Union ban the use of microwave ovens in 1976?
43	What Russian researchers reported ? Microwaving prepared meats sufficiently to insure sanitary ingestion caused formation of d-Nitrosodienthanolamines, a well-known carcinogen. Microwaving milk and cereal grains converted some of their amino acids into carcinogens. Thawing frozen fruits converted their glucoside and galactoside containing fractions into carcinogenic substances.
44	What Russian researchers reported ? Extremely short exposure of raw, cooked or frozen vegetables converted their plant alkaloids into carcinogens. Carcinogenic free radicals were formed in microwaved plants, especially root vegetables. Decrease in nutritional value.
45	So Throw out your Microwave !
46	Irradiation of Food The Cornell University in 1977 irradiated some sugar and fed it to rats. The type of cell damage shown on post mortem was the same as if the rats themselves had been irradiated! A recent German study revealing that a chemical formed in irradiated food can damage DNA.
47	"Irradiated food revealed:" Irradiated food revealed: premature death, fatal internal bleeding, a rare form of cancer, stillbirths and other reproductive problems, genetic damage, organ malfunctions and nutritional deficiencies. Some of new irradiated food compounds are known or suspected to cause cancer or birth defects.
48	Food additives and cancers
49	"There are over 14,000 man-made..." There are over 14,000 man-made chemicals added to our food supply today.
50	"It is important for everyone..." It is important for everyone to be aware of the types of chemicals and food additives they are consuming. I have selected merely a few chemical food additives listed below as examples,
51	Acesulfame K Known commercially as Sunette or Sweet One, acesulfame is a sugar substitute sold in packet or tablet form, in chewing gum, dry mixes for beverages, instant coffee and tea, gelatin desserts, puddings and non-dairy creamers. Tests show that the additive causes cancer in animals, which means it may increase cancer in humans.
52	Avoid acesulfame K and products containing it. Your sweet tooth isn't worth it.
53	Artificial colorings For decades synthetic food dyes have been suspected of being toxic or carcinogenic and many have been banned. Whenever possible, choose foods without dyes. They're mostly used in foods of questionable nutritional worth anyway. Natural ingredients should provide all the color your food needs.
54	Artificial colorings The great bulk of artificial colorings used in food are synthetic dyes. For decades synthetic food dyes have been suspected of being toxic or carcinogenic and many have been banned.
55	Aspartame Aspartame is a low-calorie synthetic sweetener made up of two amino acids and methanol. It is sold under the brand names NutraSweet and Equal and is added to many food products as a sugar substitute.
56	Aspartame In the report, Dr. John Olney of Washington University in St. Louis says brain cancer rates in the United States jumped 10 percent shortly after NutraSweet was approved by the FDA for widespread use in 1983. The reports says that while there's no proof aspartame is connected to the rise, the increase is suspicious, especially in light of an earlier study showing rats given aspartame developed an unusually high number of brain tumors.
57	BHA & BHT These two closely related chemicals are added to oil-containing foods to prevent oxidation and retard rancidity. The International Agency for Research on Cancer, part of the World Health Organization, consider BHA to be possibly carcinogenic to humans.
58	Are Plastic Products Causing Breast Cancer Epidemic? The connection between plastic and breast cancer was first discovered in 1987. Cancer cell growth, endocrine-disrupting chemicals leached from plastic test tubes causing a rampant proliferation of breast cancer cells.
59	Cancer in your water bottle! Substances used to manufacture plastic products may leach out of the container and into the food it holds, and that some of them may be carcinogenic (cancer-causing). Dioxin Carcinogens causes cancer. Especially breast cancer. Don't freeze your plastic water bottles with water as this also releases dioxin in the Plastic.
60	GMO and cancers Dr. Arpad Pusztai from the Rowett Institute in Scotland responsible scientist liberated the news that rats being fed with GMO potatoesinjured in growth and in its immune system. BGH - the GM cattle growth hormone - has an unexpected amino acid substitution. It causes increased production of IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor), a substance that is often connected with cancer".
61	GMO and cancers Scientists have warned that significantly higher levels (400-500% or more) of a potent chemical hormone, Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF-1), in the milk and dairy products of rBGH injected cows, could pose serious hazards such as human breast, prostate, and colon cancer.
62	Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) Early in this century a Japanese chemist identified MSG as the substance in certain seasonings that added to the flavor of protein-containing foods. MSG can lead to headaches, tightness in the chest, and a burning sensation in the forearms an the back of the neck.
63	Olestra Olestra, the fake fat recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), is both dangerous and unnecessary. Olestra was approved over the objection of dozens of leading scientists. The additive may be fat-free but it has a fatal side-effect: it attaches to valuable nutrients and flushes them out of the body. Some of these nutrients -- called carotenoids -- appear to protect us from such diseases as lung cancer, prostate cancer, heart disease, and macular degeneration.
64	Olestra snack foods The Harvard School of Public Health states that "the long-term consumption of olestra snack foods might therefore result in several thousand unnecessary deaths each year from lung and, prostate cancers and heart disease, and hundreds of additional cases of blindness in the elderly due to macular degeneration. Olestra inhibits the absorption of some vitamins and other nutrients.
65	Potassium Bromate This additive has long been used to increase the volume of bread and to produce bread with a fine crumb structure. Most bromate rapidly breaks down to form innocuous bromide. However, bromate itself causes cancer in animals.
66	Allyl isothiocyanate Allyl isothiocyanate occurs widely in natural products in the glucoside sinigrin. Synthetic allyl isothiocyanate has been produced commercially since 1937. There is evidence for the carcinogenicity of allyl isothiocyanate to experimental animals
67	Margarine and cancers
68	Dietary Fats Current evidence indicates total fat NOT important cause of cancers Type of fat are associated with cancer and heart disease risk: saturated fats risk monounsaturated, omega-3 risk
69	What is margarine?
70	Trans fatty acid
71	"Margarine is a high-profit..." Margarine is a high-profit product. Because it sells for a lot more than it costs to make (unlike butter), the manufacturers were able to become very wealthy, and thus very powerful, very quickly.
72	"Concerns were raised as early..." Concerns were raised as early as 1947 about the safety of the vegetable oils on the market, especially corn oil which had been linked to cancer in mice. Studies over the past dozen years showing that margarine and other vegetable oil products dramatically increase the risk for heart disease, stroke and cancer, especially cancer of the breast and prostate.
73	"“The 60 grams of..." “The 60 grams of margarines and shortenings we consume each day contains more than twice as many toxic "food additives" than are found in the other 2640 grams of food that men consume each day, or the other 1740 grams of food consumed each day by women.” (Udo Erasmus Ph.D, Fats that Heal, Fats that Kill, p.106)
74	Sugar and cancer Sugar leads to cancer of the breast, ovaries, prostrate, and rectum Sugar plays a role in pancreatic cancer in women Sugar increases the risk of gastric cancer High sugar diet can lead to biliary tract cancer
75	Sugar and cancer Sugar feeds cancer Sugar can be a risk factor of gallbladder cancer High sucrose intake could be an important risk factor in lung cancer Sugar can cause gastric cancer
76	Pesticides and cancers
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79	"Many pesticides are carcinogenic," Many pesticides are carcinogenic, (e.g., organochlorines, creosote, and sulfallate) while others (notably, the organochlorines DDT, chlordane, and lindane) are tumor promoters. Some contaminants in commercial pesticide formulations also may pose a carcinogenic risk. In humans, arsenic compounds and insecticides used occupationally have been classified as carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Studieshave linked phenoxy acid herbicides or contaminants in them with leukemia, cancers of the lung and breast; ovarian cancer, prostate cancer….
80	Acrylamide Two long-term studies in rat have shown a substantial increase of tumours in different organs when the animals were exposed to acrylamide in drinking water. In the studies with rat the increase of tumours was most evident in specific organs, e.g. mammary gland, uterus, adrenal gland, scrotal mesothelium. In mice there was an increase of lung and skin tunours.
81	What is Fluoride? Fluoride is an element from the halogen group, as are iodide and chloride. It is commonly added to the water supply as hydrofluosilicic acid, silicofluoride or sodium fluoride. Fluoride is also found as an additive in toothpastes and some mouthwashes, as a tooth decay preventive ingredient.
82	"Recent studies say:" Recent studies say: fluoride don’t protect your teeth ..
83	Fluoride Fluoride is added to almost half of the public water to prevent tooth decay. Some opponents of fluoridation claim that fluoride increases cancer risk. However, there is no credible scientific research that supports this claim.
84	Carcinogens in human milk! Environmental pollutants that are known to cause cancer in rat mammary tissues are present in human breast milk. aromatic amines (AAs) AAs may be a cause of breast cancer as well as a risk to nursing infants. AAs are used in the production of plastics, dyes, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals. Environmental sources for AAs include in industrial waste, air and water pollution, tobacco smoke, and some foods.
85	"Human bodies were not meant..." Human bodies were not meant to be exposed to the degree of chemicals and food additives that we are currently. Children are suffering the most from food additives because they are exposed to food chemicals from infancy…
86	Dietary Guidelines To Lower Your Risk For Cancer
87	Decrease body weight Overweight or obese may increase risk of breast and uterus cancer for women, and colon and prostate cancer for men. Increased cancer risk may be due to extra weight, extra calories themselves, or high fat that often supplies excess calories and contributes to weight gain
88	Reduce Total Dietary Fat Excessive dietary fat is associated with increased risk of certain types of cancer, particularly breast, colon, ovary, prostate and stomach cancer. Recommendations are to limit total fat intake to no more than 30% of total calories
89	Safe cooking methods
90	Moderate Salt-Cured, Salt-Pickled & Smoked Foods Large amounts of salt-cured, salt-pickled, & smoked food have been related to stomach & esophagus cancer. Heat from smoking creates carcinogens in food, while salt-cured and salt-pickled foods contain nitrites that can change into carcinogens in the food or stomach.
91	"Increase the intake of antioxidants" Increase the intake of antioxidants
92	Definition of Antioxidants
93	The Theory of Antioxidants & Disease Vitamin E stops the chain reaction by changing the nature of the free radical.
94	Top Antioxidant Fruits & Vegetables Prunes Raisins Blueberries Blackberries Strawberries Raspberries Plums Oranges Red Grapes Cherries Kale Spinach Brussels sprouts Broccoli Beets Red bell pepper Onion Corn Eggplant
95	Increase Fruits, Vegetables and Whole Grains
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97	Chlorophyll All green plants also contain chlorophyll, the light-collecting molecule. Chlorophyll and its derivatives are very effective at binding polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heterocyclic amines, aflatoxin and other hydrophobic molecules. There is so much compelling evidence for anti-carcinogenic effects of chlorophyll.
98	Phytochemicals Flavonoids, carotenoids, and organosulfur compounds, are antioxidants and prevent free radical damage by radiation and some chemotherapeutic agents in experimental systems. These phytochemicals induce apoptosis in cancer cells; they may have a potential role in adjuvant cancer therapy and may protect normal cells from the acute and long-term effects of free radicals produced in the course of treatment.
99	Phytochemicals Phytochemicals are substances found in plant foods like fruits and vegetables. There are hundreds of phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables. Research into their role in lowering cancer risk is just beginning, but show much promise in lowering cancer risk.
100	Phytochemicals Some phytochemicals are antioxidants, protecting against harmful cell damage from oxidation. Some phytochemicals lower cancer risk in different ways. The best recommendation is to eat a variety of fruits and vegetables.
101	Beta-Carotene & Vitamin A Beta-carotene appears to lower cancer risk, especially lung cancer. The body can convert beta-carotene to vitamin A. Vitamin A itself appears to lower risk of most cancers. However, unlike beta-carotene, vitamin A is toxic if taken in excessive amounts.
102	Vitamin C Vitamin C may also reduce risk of some types of cancer, including stomach and esophagus cancer Vitamin C is found in many fruits and some vegetables, such as citrus fruits, peaches, berries, strawberries, melons, broccoli, cauliflower, peppers & greens.
103	Vitamin E Vitamin E may also lower risk of stomach and esophageal cancers.
104	Vitamin E Whole grain breads and cereals, wheat germ, broccoli, leafy greens, spinach, fats and oils are rich in vitamin E.
105	Selenium Selenium is a mineral which may lower risk of colon, breast and other cancers. Foods rich in selenium include wheat germ, bran, tuna fish, onions, tomatoes, and broccoli, depending on soil grown.
106	Dietary Fiber Evidence exists that dietary fiber may lower risk of colon cancer. Two types of fiber, water-soluble fiber and water-insoluble fiber. Water-soluble fibers may lower cholesterol. Water-insoluble fibers may lower cancer risk.
107	Water-Insoluble Fiber Insoluble fiber absorbs water, lowering the concentration of potential carcinogens in the intestine. Insoluble fiber speeds up the movement of waste material in the intestine, reducing the amount of time carcinogens are exposed to the colon
108	Barley reduce cancer risks Barley grains contains one of the highest concentrations of melatonin. Now there is no scientific douth that Melatonin reduces cancer cell growth.
109	Probiotics There is a solid theoretical basis for why probiotics should help prevent cancer, especially colon cancer, and even reverse cancer. Probiotics produce short chain fatty acids in the colon, which acidify the environment. Lower colon pH is associated with lower incidence of colon cancer. Probiotic bacteria reduce the level of procarcinogenic enzymes such as beta-glucuronidase, nitroreductase, and azoreductase.
110	"Diet and supplements for cancer..." Diet and supplements for cancer servivors
111	Flax seed Is an excellent source of dietary fiber, omega 3 fat (as alpha-linolenic acid), and lignans. The lignans in flax seed are metabolized in the digestive tract to enterodiol and enterolactone, which have estrogenic activity.
112	Flax Seed Studies Several recent studies showed that a diet supplimented with flax seed reduced cancer on breast, prostate, colon and skin cancer. The lignans in flax seed are a major component of flax's anti-cancer effects so that flax oil without the lignans is not very beneficial
113	Fish Oil Studies... Nutritional supplements with added fish oils combined with Megace during treatment to promote weight gain and muscle protein and enhance appetite Fish oils use in enhancing cancer therapy and lessening side effects
114	Garlic and onion Studies on progress investigating cancer prevention, antibacterial, or antifungal effects of garlic - no conclusive evidence to date. Garlic and onion contain allyl sulphides which inhibit cancer cell growth.
115	Curcumin Curcumin, the yellow pigment in turmeric and a potent anti-inflammatory and cancer-preventive antioxidant in experimental systems. it is widely used in Asian countries; epidemiological studies have attributed the low rate of colon cancer in these countries to the high consumption of curcumin.
116	Silibinin Silibinin is a product of milk thistle (a plant in the same family as artichoke) and similar to sylimarin, known for powerful antioxidant activity. Silibinin induces apoptosis in prostate cancer cells, suggesting a potential role in the control of the disease.
117	Resveratrol More recent work reveals that resveratrol has potential in cancer therapy by inducing apoptosis. Studies on cancer cells from human breast, pancreas, and colon show that resveratrol triggers apoptosis in these cells by controlling the proapoptotic protein Bax and activating apoptotic caspases.
118	Green Tea Its protection against free radical damage is considered one of the factors responsible for the lower rate of free radical–associated pathological conditions seen in populations in Asia. Green tea extract, and more effectively, its major compound (–)epigallocatechin-3 gallate (EGCG), prevents apoptosis in normal cells exposed to free radical–producing agents while inducing apoptosis in tumor cells by the activating caspase.
119	Fenugreek
120	Black seed Chemopreventive potential of volatile oil from black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) seeds against rat colon carcinogenesis. Extract of Nigella sativa "inhibits cancer and endothelial cell progression, in breast cancer, prostate cancer and melanoma cells . Black seed contains antioxidant phytochemicals that strongly prevent the formation of free radicals and also quench them after they are formed.
121	Saffron Saffron and its components had surprisingly strong anticancer activity. Scientists have also shown that extracts of saffron inhibit cell growth of human tumor cells. Crocinis a promising saffron compound to be assayed as a cancer therapeutic agent.
122	Astragalus membranaceus
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138	"Bee venom has an indirect..." Bee venom has an indirect mechanism of tumor growth inhibition and promotion of tumor rejection that is based on stimulation of the local cellular immune responses in lymph nodes. Apoptosis, necrosis, and lysis of tumor cells are other possible mechanisms by which bee venom inhibits tumor growth.
139	Now the question is:
140	Eating to Live…. or Living to Eat
141	"“I" “I know I should, but…” “Don’t bother me.”
142	It is time to wake up !